Renaissance Period
- Renaissance is a period of European History.
- It was Cultural Movement started from Italy and Spreaded in all over the Europe.
- Period Span - 14th Century - 17th Century
- Precursor of Harbinger of the Renaissance- Dante Alighieri(1265-1321) born in Florence Town,Italy.
- Divine Comedy -Narrative poem of Dante Alighieri in Italian Language,Tuscan.
- 2nd person - Petrarch (1304-1374) -Founder of Humanism.
- Father of Italian Prose - Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-75) - Book named "Decameron".
- Father of Modern Politics - Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Book named "The Prince".
- Complete statement of renaissance emotion found in the arts of Italy artist- Leonardo da vinci,Michelangelo and Raphael.
- Leonardo da vinci - Multifaceted person - Areas of interest - Painting , Sculpting , Engineering , Science , Poetry , Music , Geology, Mathematics, Litrature, Architecture, Anatomy, Botany, Writing, History and Cartography.
- Sometimes credits with inventions of the Parachute,Helicopter,Tank.
- He epitomised the Renaissance Humanist ideal.
- Painting of Leonardo da vinci - Mona Lisa,The Last Supper, Salvator Mundi,The Vitruvian Man, Lady with an Ermine.
- Micheangelo-Sculptor,Painter,Architect and Poet of High Ranaissance.
- Poem - The Last Judgement , The Fall of Man
- Sculpture - David,Pieta
- Painting - Sistine Chapel Ceiling
- Raphael -Italian Painter and Architect of High Renaissance.
- Main Composition - Madonna Mother of Jesus Christ.
- Father of Renaissance Painrting - Giotto di bondone.
- Most Popular essay writer Francis Bacon,England
- The praise of folly -Desiderius Erasmus(Holland)
- Utopia - Thomas More
- Romeo & Juliet - William Shakespeare
- Founder of Modern Experimental Science - Roger Bacon
- Earth is center of Solar System - Poland Copernicas
- Galileo (1560 - 1642) agreed with Copernicus Theory.
- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) with the help of Mathematics .He said how to our earth revolved around the sun.
- Newton (1642-1726) Rule of Gravity
- Christian Reform Movement initiated by Martin Luther in 16th century.He was German.He translated Bible in German Lang.
- Reformation initiated in England.
- John Wycliffe - He is known as Morning Star of English Reformation and followers known as Lollards.
- Discovery of America - Christopher Colombus
- America Continent derived its named from "Americus" latin version of Americo Vespucio/Amerigo Vespucci.
- Pacific Ocean named by Ferdinand Magellan.He was the first Circumnavigation of the Earth.
America Revolution (1765-83)
America Revolutionary War (1775-83)
- British Empire laid the foundation of thirteen colonies in the era of James I on the east coast of North America.
- 13 English Colonies established from 1607 to 1732. Virginia was the first crown colony established in 1607 and Georgia was the last in 1732.
- Native American/American Indians also known as Red Indian was the original inhabitant of America.
- Complete Independence of America got in 4 July 1776.America Independence on basis of Natural Rights.
- Leader of America Revolutionary War was George Washington,those who became first president of America.
- In 16 Dec 1773, Boston Tea Party was the cause of American Revolutionary War.The Revolutionary war began due to this incident.Leader of that incident was Samuel Adams.
- First time foundation of democracy start from America.It was the mother of Advanced Republic.Foundation of secular states starts from America.
- The first time implementation of Written Constitution in America in 1789.
- Commander of Britain Lord Cornwallis surrender in front of Continental Army in 1781.
- According to the Treaty of Paris between United States and Great Britain. Revolutionary war ended in 1783,
- America was the first Country who declared the Equal and Fundamental Rights for the Slaves.
- America declared the importation of slaves would illegal in 1808.
- Abraham Lincoln declared 16th President of America in 1860.
- America Civil War was occurred in 12 April 1861 between North America and South America .South America supported slavery and Northern America was against.
- America Civil War started from South Carolina State.Slavery was abolished after consequences of this War.
- Slavery was emancipation proclaimed by Abraham Lincoln on 1 January 1863 and then formally ended in 1865.
- Abraham Lincoln gave the definition of democracy is "Government of the people, by the people, for the people".
- Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on 4 March 1865.
France Revolution
- State Revolution of France occurred in the reign of Louis XVI in 1789.There was Feudal System during this period.
- On 14 July 1789,Freedom Fighters was broke the lock of jail of the Bastille and absolved the prisoners from there.Due to that incident France celebrate the day as The National Day or Bastille Day.
- Liberty,Equality and Fraternity was the slogan of France Revolution.
- "I am the state my words are Law" - Statement of Louis XIV.
- The Hall of Mirrors of Versailles was established by Louis XIV.
- Versailles became capital of France by Louis XIV.
- Marie Antoinette was wife of Louis XVI and queen of Austria.
- Louis XVI was executed by Guillotine due to disloyalty.
- Taille was the form of tax.
- Montesquieu,Voltaire,Rousseau made the most contribution in France Revolution.
- Voltaire was opponent of the church.
- Rousseau was the supporter of the Governance of Democracy.
- "I would rather obey a fine lion, much stronger than myself than 200 hundred rats of my own species."- utterance of Voltaire.
- The Social Contract written by Jean Jacques Rousseau and Letters on the English written by Voltaire.
- The Spirit of Law - Montesquieu
- The Session of States General started from 5 May 1789.
- Decimal Measurement system given by France.
- Cultural nationalism was originated by Herder.
- Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio , Corsica ,France on 15 August 1769.
- Father name of Napoleon was Carlo Bonaparte.
- Napoleon educated in Military Academy in Britain.
- Napoleon defeat the general of Austria in 1796 in Italy.
- Battle of the Nile was fought in 1798 between Great Britain and French Republic.French defeated by British.Napoleon was general at that time and defeated badly.
- Abolition of Directory Government in 1799.
- Napoleon became first Consul in 1799 and became lifetime consul in 1802.
- He established Bank of France in 1800
- He became Emperor of French in 1804.
- French Civil Code establishment under Napoleon known as Napoleonic Code.
- He was The Creator of Modern France .
- "The Nation of Shopkeepers"commonly attributed to Napoleon in a reference to England.
- He divorced to Josephine and married to Maria Louise of Austria.
- Battle of Trafalgar was occurred on 21 October 1805 in England between United Kingdom and French Empire.British defeat the French.
- Battle of Leipzig was fought in 1813 and Napoleon defeated by Sixth Coalition and exiled to the island of Elba.But he escaped from there and became Emperor of France again.
- Battle of Waterloo was fought on 18 June 1815 in Waterloo,Netherlands and Napoleon defeated by Seventh Coalition once again and exiled to island of Saint Helena in South Atlantic Ocean where he died in 1821.He was known for the little corporal.
- Reason of Fall of Napoleon was attacked on Russia.
- Continental System was originated by Napoleon for boycott England's commercial and trades.
- Dominance of France finished by Europe Nations under Vienna Congress Settlement in 1815.
Unification of Italy
- In the first half of 19th Century, France has 13 States.
- Father of Unification of Italy known as Giuseppe Mazzini.
- Mazzini born in Geneva.
- Austria was the first barrier in Unification of Italy.
- State of Sardinia Piedmont initiate in Unification of Italy.
- Count Cavour creates International Issues to issue of Italy.
- Sword of Unification of Italy known as Garibaldi.
- Unification of Italy credit goes to Mazzini, Count Cavour and Garibaldi.
- “Young Italy” was established by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1881.
- Garibaldi organized the Red Shirt Organization.
- Laid the foundation of Carbonari Society by Givarti.
- Victor Emmanuel became Emperor of Sardinia.
- Negotiation between Lombardy and Sardinia was the reason of the Unification of Italy began.
- Italy Nation was born on 2 April 1860.
- Rome was declared Capital of Italy in 1871.
- Count Cavour did Unification of Italy in 1871.
- Napoleon was the creator of Unity of Italy.
- Bismarck did the integration of Germany.
- Bismarck was Prime Minister of the administration under Wilhelm I.
- Prussia was Germany's most powerful state.
- Bismarck wanted the leadership of Germany under Prussia leadership.
- William was crowned the Emperor of the German Union on 8th February
- Bismarck was the most afraid of France.
- Napoleon Bonaparte is the messenger of Germany's nationality.
- Freidrich List was the father of Germany's economic nationalism.
- The diet was known as National Assembly of Germany.
- The Austrian rule over the German Empire - 1815-1850
- The Chancellor of Austria at the time- Metternich
- The Constituent Assembly of Frankfurt formed in May 1848
- Defense Minister of Prussia in the reign of William I – Abrecht von Roon
- The Commander of Prussia at the same time – Helmuth von Moltke
- Bismarck became Minister president or Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862.
- Bismarck was born on 1April 1815 in Brandenburg.
- Wilhelm called the Juggler to Bismarck.
- Battle of Sadova ( Sadova war) 1866 - Prussia defeated Austria and the Austria surrenders ahead of Prussia.
- Austria joined the German Federation under the Treaty of Prague in 23 August 1866.
- Battle of Sedan between France and Prussia on 1-2 Sep 1870. Prussia defeated France and Napolean III surrendered and abdicated on 1 Sep 1870
- Bismarck, Wilhelm I emperor of Germany did the coronation in the royal palace of versailles.
- Treaty of Frankfurt between - France and Prussia in 1871.
- After the Sudan war, the integration of Germany was possible.
- Bismarck became first chancellor of German Empire in 1871.
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