Indian Polity

History of Constitution of India

• Idea of Constitution Assembly proposed by M.N. Roy.
• 1942 - Cripps Mission
• 1946 - Cabinet Mission (Power transfer from United Kingdom to Indian Leadership)
• 9th Dec 1946 - First Constitution Assembly
• 1946  - First President of India - Rajendra Prasad
• Drafting Comitee - B.R. Ambedkar
• 26 Nov 1949 - Adopt Constitution
• 26 Jan 1950 - Approved/ Imposed
• 1929 - Lahore Adhiveshan/Session - Purna Swaraj(Complete Independence)
• 48th INC President became- J.L. Nehru - Hoisted flag at the Coast of Ravi River, Lahore

Development of Indian Constitution

• Constitution of India - Supreme Court of India
• 395 Article , 22 Parts , 8 Schedule (at the time of commencement)
• 448 Article , 22 Parts (3 Sub- Parts) , 12 Schedule (Present)

Act

• Regulating Act of 1773
• Pitts India Act of 1784
• Charter Act of 1813
• Charter Act of 1833
• The Govt. of India Act 1858
• Indian Council Act 1861
• Indian Council Act 1892
• Morley Minto Reforms Act 1909
• Govt. of India Act 1935
• The Independence Act 1947

Constituent Assembly

• Member of Constituent Assembly were elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.
• Members - 389
• Ist time meeting in Sabha -  9 Dec 1946 
• 2days Temporary President of Constituent Assembly - Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha
• Permanent President - Rajendra Prasad

 Important Committee Chairmans

• Rule of Procedure , Finance &  Staff , Steering, Ad Hoc on National Flag - Rajendra Prasad
• Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,Minorities,Tribal and Excluded Area- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
• Credentials Committee - A.K. Ayyar
• House Committee - B.P. Sitaramayya
• Order of Business - K.M. Munshi
• Minorities Sub- Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
• North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub- Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
• Excluded and Partially Excluded (other than those in Assam) Sub- Committee - A.V. Thakkar
• Fundamental Rights Sub- Committee - J.B. Kripalani
• Function of C.A. - G.V. Mawalanker
• Union Constitution Committee , Union Power Commitee , States - JL Nehru
• Drafting Committee - B.R. Ambedkar

Parts

1. Union & its Territory
2. Citizenship
3. Fundamental Rights
4. Directive Principles    (4a) . Fundamental Duties (Swarn Singh Committee 42nd Amend.)
5. The Union
6. States
7. Repealed by Constitution - 7th Amend Act 1956
8. Union Territory
9. Panchayat  (9a) Municipalities (9b) The Co-operative Societies
10. The Scheduled & Tribal Area
11. Relation between Union & States 
12. Finance ,Property, Contracts and Suits
13. Trade , Commerce , & Inter Course within Territory of India 
14. Services (14a). Tribunals 
15. Election
16. Special Provisions
17. Official Language - 22
18. Emergency Provisions
19. Miscellaneous
20. Amendments
21. Temporary , Transitional Special Provision
22. Short title ,Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi & repeals

Schedules

1. 28 States & 7 Union Territories

2. Salaries & Allowance 

   Part A - Presidents, Governors of the States

   Part B - Omitted

   Part C - Speakers of L.S. and R.S.

   Part D- Judge of Supreme Court and High Courts

   Part E - C.A.G (Comptroller and Auditor General of India) 

3. Oath & Affirmation - Members of Legislatures, Ministers and Judges.

4. Reserve Seats for States & U.T. in the Rajya Sabha

5. Admin. of Schedule Areas and Schedule Tribes  

6. Admin. of Tribal Area of North- Eastern States

7. Distribution Power between the Union and the States Govt. (Union List , State List and Concurrent List)

8. 22 Official Languages 

    Sindhi - 21st Amend.

    Nepali, Manipuri,Konkani - 71st Amend.

    Bado, Dogri, Maithli, Santhali - 92nd Amend.

9. Validation of Acts and Regulations

10. Provision to disqualification on ground of defection.(Anti- defection Law introduced 52nd Amend. and schedule follow in latest developments by 91st Amend. )

11. Power, authority and responsibilities of panchayats  (73rd Amend.)

12. Power, authority and responsibilities of municipilaties. (74th Amend.)

Source of Constitution

• Britain :- Parliamentary form of Govt. ,Single Citizenship
• Japan :- Procedure established by Law
• Ireland :- Directive Principle of State Policy
• Germany :- Emergency (Suspension of Fundamental Rights)
• South Africa :- Amendments & Constitution
• Russia (USSR) :- Fundamental Duties 42nd Amendments
• USA :- Fundamentals Rights, Precedent Impeachment, Article,Removal of SC & High Court Judges, Govt. of India act
• Australia :- Concurrent list, Law prepare by any state Joint Sitting of 2 Houses of Parliament.
• Canada :- Federal Form of Govt. Appointment.

Writs with their meaning 

1. Habeaus Corpus - That you have the body
2. Mandamus - We Command
3. Certiorari - To be certified
4. Prohibition
5. Quo Waranto - What is your authority